Article by Ayman Alheraki on January 11 2026 10:37 AM
If you are a programmer passionate about working close to the metal—dealing directly with hardware, processors, memory, and operating system internals—then you are already immersed in the world of low-level programming.
One of the most frequently asked questions in this domain is:
| Feature | C Language | C++ Language |
|---|---|---|
| Simplicity | Simple and direct | More complex and feature-rich |
| Memory control | Fully manual | Manual, with additional abstractions |
| Runtime overhead | None | None, if RTTI and exceptions are disabled |
| Abstraction mechanisms | Very limited (structs only) | Powerful (classes, templates, RAII) |
| Code size | Usually smaller | Potentially larger (but can be controlled) |
| Inline assembly support | Excellent | Excellent |
| Explicit low-level code | Fully transparent | Sometimes hidden by abstraction |
If you carefully avoid runtime features (like exceptions, RTTI, and dynamic allocation), C++ can be as efficient—and often more productive—than C, especially when utilizing templates and zero-overhead abstractions.
| Use Case | Recommended Language |
|---|---|
| Writing bootloaders or BIOS code | C (or Assembly) |
| Programming small 8-bit/16-bit microcontrollers | C |
| OS kernel modules or file systems | C / C++ (depending on platform) |
| Writing device drivers | C or minimalist C++ |
| Building modern operating systems | C++ (with no RTTI or exceptions) |
| Developing embedded RTOS kernels | C++ (for safety and abstraction) |
Templates: For compile-time optimizations and type safety
Classes & RAII: Resource management without leaks or manual cleanup
Inline and constexpr: Compile-time computations and efficient code generation
Zero-overhead abstractions: When used correctly, abstractions cost nothing
CPU Architecture Knowledge (x86, ARM, RISC-V)
Registers, instruction sets, calling conventions, interrupts
Memory Model and Addressing
Stack, heap, data sections, alignment, memory-mapped I/O
Operating System Concepts
Processes, threads, scheduling, virtual memory, file systems, system calls
Assembly Language
Basic understanding of ASM (for debugging and integration)
Inline assembly as needed
Toolchain Proficiency
ld, objdump, gdb, QEMU, nasm, make, cmake
Embedded Programming
Microcontrollers (e.g., STM32, AVR, ESP32)
Peripherals: GPIO, UART, SPI, I2C, timers
Freestanding C++ Development
Working without the standard library (-nostdlib)
Writing _start, linking your own runtime
Linker Script Design
Custom memory layout control, section mapping, stack allocation
Real-Time Systems and Timing
Timers, RTCs, performance counters, interrupts
Studying Real Projects
Small OS examples like ToaruOS, SerenityOS, BareMetal OS
C++-based RTOSes like NuttX, mbed OS
| Area | Tools and Resources |
|---|---|
| Debugging | gdb, valgrind, QEMU, bochs |
| Compilation | gcc, clang, objdump, nm, readelf |
| Learning | Books like "Operating Systems: From 0 to 1", "Modern C++ for Embedded Systems" |
| Bare-metal Coding | STM32 Nucleo boards, Raspberry Pi (bare-metal), QEMU |
| Kernel Dev in C++ | Projects like managarm |
Start with a simple bare-metal LED blinking project (no OS)
Learn to write a minimal bootloader
Manually implement a memory allocator
Build a freestanding C++ environment (no libc)
Attempt writing a small kernel using C++
C++ is not only suitable for high-level applications—it can be a powerful low-level systems language when used with precision and awareness of its features.
If you’re passionate about controlling memory, managing devices, writing kernels, and exploring how machines work at the lowest levels, then start your journey today. And remember, C++ can be your strongest ally in low-level development—if you master its internals and use it intentionally.